The LM231AN/NOPB is a Voltage-to-Frequency Converter for analog-to-digital conversion, long-term integration, linear frequency modulation or demodulation and many other functions. The output when used as a voltage-to-frequency converter is a pulse train at a frequency precisely proportional to the applied input voltage. Thus, it provides all the inherent advantages of the voltage-to-frequency conversion techniques and is easy to apply in all standard voltage-to-frequency converter applications. Further, the LMx31A attain a new high level of accuracy versus temperature which could only be attained with expensive voltage-to-frequency modules. Additionally the LMx31 are ideally suited for use in digital systems at low power supply voltages and can provide analog-to-digital conversion in microprocessor-controlled systems. The precision timer circuit has low bias currents without degrading the quick response necessary for 100kHz voltage-to-frequency conversion.